In the psp chiral SFG polarization combination (Fig. 3C), we observe a weak but nonzero chiral signal for the lipid bilayer without channels. This signal is caused by the chiral headgroups of the lipids inducing a chiral-polarized arrangement of water molecules near the polar region of the bilayer. The presence of the 2800-cm−1 stretching band in the chiral spp polarized spectra of the HC8 and S-HC8 channels (Fig. 3D) shows that both channels exhibit a net chiral ordering in the SLB. Although this feature is expected for the S-HC8 channel, this ordering shows that in addition to inducing a dipolar alignment of the water wires, the supported bilayer breaks the symmetry and also induces a net chirality for the HC8 channel (Fig. 3E).

Karen Gillan of Dr. Who fame looked perfectly prim in a short, grey argyle sweater which revealed just a sliver of stomach.

Outside of lab tests, the researchers say that many small sponge-like materials could be released into a lake polluted with dye, along with the molecule to help reduce the color. Similar to swirling a tea bag round a mug, the sponges could be dragged around the lake until all of the color disappears.

Hermes has long been associated with horse racing and affirmed its heritage by launching the showjumping competition Saut Hermes in 2009.

Scientists at DESY have developed a method to record the inner structure of individual photonic crystals and similar materials in 3-D. The technique directly reveals the positions of the individual building blocks of a crystal, …

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The hydrogen-bonded structure of water inside the channels is accurately characterized by the vibrational frequencies of the OH stretching vibrations, which are very sensitive to the local hydrogen-bonded network. Here, a strong correlation exists between the OH stretch frequency and the strength of the hydrogen bond. Non–hydrogen-bonded OH vibrations exhibit frequencies around 3700 cm−1, which, upon hydrogen bonding, can shift down to 3000 cm−1 depending on the strength of the hydrogen bond (31). Furthermore, specific hydrogen-bonded configurations exhibit distinct but broad and overlapping OH vibrational bands. Accordingly, the spectrum of OH stretch vibrations captures the overall water structure and distribution of hydrogen bond environments within the system, in this case water within artificial membrane channels and at the membrane surface.

Histology is used to identify structural details of tissue at the microscale in the pathology lab, but analyses remain two-dimensional (2D) as they are limited to the same plane. Nondestructive 3D technologies including X-ray …

The MGT substrate with high reproducibility, sensitivity, and selectivity was then developed as an immunoassay SERS probe (MGT-Abs-CuPc) through the immobilization of the PD-L1 Abs and CuPc for PD-L1 analysis on TNBC surfaces (Fig. 5A). As shown in fig. S5A, upon the introduction of CuPc molecules to MGT, the UV-vis spectrum exhibits two peaks at 620 and 690 nm, which correspond to the adsorption of CuPc. After the immobilization of Abs to MGT, we observed an additional peak at ~260 nm, which should be attributed to adsorption of Abs. All these three additional peaks show the successful fabrication of the MGT-Abs-CuPc nanoprobe. To further confirm Abs conjugation to the nanostructures, we performed SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) imaging of MGT, Abs, and Abs-modified MGT (MGT-Abs). SDS-PAGE is a powerful analytical technique for protein identification in complex biological samples and has been widely used in biological studies for decades. As shown in fig. S5B, MGT-Abs [fig. S5B (III)] was higher than both MGT [fig. S5B (I)] and Abs [fig. S5B (II)], indicating the different molecular weights: MGT-Abs > MGT > Abs. SDS-PAGE imaging in fig. S5B (I to III) definitively showed the successful conjugation between the nanostructure and Abs. In addition, we also carried out FTIR spectroscopy (fig. S5C) to investigate the conjugation. Compared to MGT, MGT-Abs showed an additional infrared band assigned to the C–N stretching vibration at 1400 cm−1 and the C=O stretching vibration at 1620 cm−1. These two additional peaks were attributed to the formation of an amide bond at the interface between MGT and Abs. Both SDS-PAGE images and FTIR results revealed that Abs has been successfully conjugated to the nanostructures. We carried out confocal imaging to verify the recognition ability of MGT-Abs to the PD-L1 protein. We conducted three parallel experiments, which are shown in fig. S5 (D to G). No fluorescence signal was obtained after the coincubation of MGT and Cy5-labeled PD-L1. Moreover, before incubating with Cy5-labeled PD-L1, MGT-Abs also showed weak fluorescence. However, after the incubation with Cy5-labeled PD-L1, confocal images exhibited a bright fluorescence signal, indicating the high affinity and recognition ability of MGT-Abs to the PD-L1 protein. We incubated the developed probe with high SERS activity with TNBCs to quantify the PD-L1 expression on the surface of different TNBCs (Fig. 5A) using Raman spectroscopy. Temperature and incubation time are two important factors that determine the overall SERS signals. As shown in fig. S5 (H and I), the maximum SERS response was achieved at 37°C and 60 min. The amount of CuPc and Abs immobilized on MGT was another important experimental parameter. As the concentration of CuPc and Abs progressively increased, we observed the Raman peak at 1530 cm−1 to first increase and then decrease after the concentration reached 10 mM for CuPc and 100 μM for Abs, indicating that the optimal concentration of CuPc is 10 mM, while that of Abs is 100 μM (fig. S5, J and K). Moreover, we examined the cytotoxicity of the MGT-Abs-CuPc probe with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. As a result, the variability of HCC38, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 cells remained approximately 98% (15 μM, 120 min; fig. S6), indicating the low cytotoxicity of the probe. After optimizing experimental conditions and assessing biocompatibility, we conducted three parallel experiments to evaluate the PD-L1 expression levels on three different types of TNBC (HCC38, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231) surfaces. HCC38 cells were first used as model cells. As shown in Fig. 5B, Raman intensity increased with an increasing number of cells captured on the silicon foil. The intensity of the Raman peak at 1530 cm−1 was used to reflect the amount of the MGT-Abs-CuPc probe attached to the cell surface. The intensity of the Raman peak (I) was proportional to the logarithmic value of captured cancer cells (N) in the range from 5 × 102 to 5 × 105 cells (R = 0.990, n = 7; Fig. 5C), which was consistent with the kinetics mechanism of the antigen-Abs reaction in the Abs excess zone (fig. S7A). The linear regression is shown in Eq. 1

In October 2016, Brown University Professor J. Michael Kosterlitz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. He has been at Brown since 1982.

Abstract: Electrical charging device chassis and cases are provided herein. An example charging case includes a device receiving tray, a sliding tray having a charging interface, and a stabilizer. The sliding tray translates relative to the device receiving tray to extend and retract the charging interface using a track and gear assembly.

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