Vibrational SFG spectroscopy involves nonlinear mixing of an infrared and a visible electric field, giving rise to the emission of photons at the sum of the two input frequencies (32, 33). Within the dipole approximation, SFG requires broken inversion symmetry. Accordingly, SFG is surface-specific for liquids, because the interface necessarily breaks the average inversion symmetry found in the bulk liquid. This means that SFG spectroscopy is intrinsically sensitive to molecular dipole ordering, with the signal strength increasing with an increase in order. SFG spectroscopy is also a sensitive probe of chirality, because chirality breaks inversion symmetry (34, 35). By controlling the polarization of three involved fields, we can selectively study achiral and chiral molecular structures. Polarization combinations are given in decreasing order of frequency, that is, the polarization of SFG, visible, and infrared fields, respectively. Here, polarization combinations that involve an odd number of p-polarized fields (ssp, sps, pss, and ppp) probe achiral molecular orientations, and polarization combinations that involve two p-polarized fields (pps, psp, and spp) only give rise to a signal if the molecular structure is chiral (sss is intrinsically zero for surfaces with C∞ symmetry).

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Inventor(s): William J. Warren (Frisco, TX) Assignee(s): UNASSIGNED Law Firm: Carr Ferrell LLP (2 non-local offices) Application No., Date, Speed: 15487394 on 04/13/2017 (607 days app to issue)

The tempest started when Trump attacked a U.S. District Court judge who ruled against his asylum policy as an ‘’Obama judge.’’

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Inventor(s): Howard Allen Ketelson (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): Novartis AG (Basel, , CH) Law Firm: No Counsel Application No., Date, Speed: 15792808 on 10/25/2017 (412 days app to issue)

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