The shelves of the Forbes Collection also hold a plethora of pigment sources, including cuttings of red-madder root and minute silvery bugs heaped in a glass bowl like a crunchy bar snack: Mexican cochineal, scale insects that swarmed on prickly-pear cacti, and whose crushed bodies produced the lustrous carmine crimson that so excited Caravaggio, El Greco, and Rubens. I stuck my head inside a cabinet to get a close look at the rocks of the arsenic sulfides realgar and orpiment, blazes of flame orange locked within the crystals. “Don’t breathe, don’t touch,” Cariens warned. (Cennini, who wrote that orpiment was “very good for painting on shields and lances,” also cautioned against “soiling your mouth with it, lest you suffer personal injury.”) Farther along the row was a grayish-greenish wrinkled baseball, sliced open to reveal a yolk-bright Indian Yellow. In Christian iconography, it was gold that signified the aura of sanctity, but, as Baroque masters experimented with the effects of extreme light and dark, the hunt for a deep, light-fast yellow became urgent. The cheapest, most widely available yellow glaze was made from unripe buckthorn berries and wasn’t sufficiently long-lasting for the likes of Rembrandt, who turned to the pale Lead-Tin Yellow, or massicot, for the luxurious costume of Lieutenant van Ruytenburch, in “The Night Watch.” In the early eighteenth century, antimony, combined with lead, known as Naples Yellow, became the most popular version of the hue.

Genetic analyses dependent on data from modern populations do not bear directly on the geographic locations of the divergence events (13). For instance, the data used to generate the Beringian Incubation Model only require that Native American ancestors were geographically isolated from wherever the East Asian/Siberian ancestors inhabited during the time of isolation (15). The genetic data do not require that this isolation occurred in central or eastern Beringia—it could range across a vast area, from Cis-Baikal to Hokkaido. So far, complete nuclear genomes from ancient samples produced in recent years (16–18) are not able either to substantially narrow the divergence estimate or to clarify spatial routes of the initial peopling.

North Texas is a big place, with plenty of opportunities. So, we’re constantly on the lookout for contests and competitions, award ceremonies, and available grants our innovators can apply for. …

For really tough grease stains, look for industrial soaps. They use the same action, but have stronger pull. However, for delicate garments that aren’t colorfast—that is, where the dye hasn’t fully permeated the fibers—industrial soap may strip dye as well as grease out of your clothing.

Salicylic acid, oxalic acid, CC pyrocatechol, dopamine, PTCDA, CV, and CuPc were chosen as different signal molecules. Certain amounts of molecules were dissolved in DI water (for PTCDA, in 0.1 M NaOH solution) to form a uniform solution with 10 mM, and then, 1 ml of this solution was mixed with 5 ml of a solution containing Raman substrate (MGT). The mixture was stirred for an hour. The resulting solution was centrifuged and dispersed in 2 ml of DI water. The final solution was dropped onto the Si/SiO2 substrate and dried at room temperature. Last, a 633-nm laser was used to detect each sample by Raman spectroscopy. The exposure time was 0.5 s, and laser energy was 5 mW.

Inventor(s): John B. Adrain (Frisco, TX) Assignee(s): UNASSIGNED Law Firm: Bodi Law LLC (no location found) Application No., Date, Speed: 15050639 on 02/23/2016 (1022 days app to issue)

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A recent analysis of the 11,500-year-old Upward Sun River 1 genome (19) suggests that Native Americans descend from a single population that separated from East Asians by 26,100 to 23,900 years ago, with two deep branches: an Ancient Beringian population that split off ~22,000 to 18,000 years ago and a second branch that split into northern and southern lineages ~17,500 to 14,600 years ago (19). Earlier gene flow between ancestral Native Americans and Ancient North Eurasians (ANEs) (represented by Mal’ta and Afontova individuals) between ~25,000 and 20,000 years ago strongly suggests geographic proximity of these groups, somewhere in southern Siberia, where all ANE individuals have been located (see fig. S1 for localities and regions mentioned in the text). The record of human remains in northeast Asia is very sparse, but they have been recovered at Yana RHS, dating to ~27,000 years ago (20). Unfortunately, no ancient DNA analysis has yet been published, but Yana’s location at the extreme western edge of Beringia will make it difficult to draw firm conclusions about populations present in the rest of western, central, and eastern Beringia, for example, for 1500 to 2000 km to the southern Beringian coasts or 2500 km to Alaska. The lack of an unequivocal human presence in the entire region during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) between the Yana occupation (during a warm period) and the clear expansion of Diuktai Culture (Late Upper Paleolithic) populations moving from south to north after 16,000 years ago suggests a temporary expansion of Middle Upper Paleolithic populations followed by later contraction during the LGM followed by expansion after the onset of deglaciation (21, 22).

To get to the truth of the matter, Joseph Hooker, the director of Kew Gardens, sent T. N. Mukharji, an expert in the materials of Indian arts, to the village of Mirzapur, in the Bihar region. There, as Mukharji wrote in an account published in 1883, he discovered a sect of gwalas, or milkmen, who fed their cattle mango leaves; the cattle’s urine, when evaporated in earthenware pots set over a fire and then baked in the sun, produced the precious yellow powder. Cows are sacred in Hindu culture, and the ones Mukharji had seen were, he wrote, “very unhealthy.” Mukharji’s account apparently led the British-Indian government in Bengal to ban production of the pigment at the turn of the century. Doubts about Mukharji’s story remain. Victoria Finlay, the author of “Color: A Natural History of the Palette,” found no record of the pigment’s ban in the archives, nor did she find, when she travelled to Mirzapur around 2002, any local memory of cows being fed on mango leaves. Was this yet another fable in the great treasury of color lore? In her book, Finlay writes, “When I think of Indian Yellow, I will always wonder whether the explanation that I have heard is reality or merely a reflection of reality, and whether this story is simply an example of somebody gently, and literally, taking the piss.”

“The impact these advancements will have on our state cannot be expressed enough. It’s a great time to reflect and celebrate this milestone and look back at the last fifty years, while also looking ahead to the future and the exciting things that could come,” said Croft in GoLocal.

The total direct economic cost of vertebrate pests to the primary sector is estimated at about $1 billion per year, but with multipliers included could be as high as $3.3 billion – or 1.96 per cent of GDP.